• Aortic stent-grafts:  Treating bulges of the aorta with hollow tubes inserted through puncture wounds in the groin.  Many aneurysms have been successfully treated, avoiding open surgery and the long in-hospital and at-home recovery times.
• Angioplasty and stenting for arterial narrowing:  In atherosclerosis (clogging of the arteries) the narrowed arteries can be opened with expandable balloons or expandable metal struts called stents.  These minimally invasive procedures have replaced many open surgical bypasses.
  
• Arteriovenous malformation treatments:  Abnormally formed blood vessels that can sometimes bleed and cause pain can be treated by filling them with a special glue or small particles.
• Carotid Artery Stenting: For some patients when surgery is not indicated, stenting of the carotid arteries is the best alternative to narrowing of the arteries supplying the brain. It is a minimally invasive procedure with a short recovery time.
• Central Venous Access: Placing central IV's into the large veins of the neck or upper arm.

• Cerebral artery aneurysm coiling:  Placing small metallic coils in an abnormally dilated blood vessel in the brain.  The coils are placed through a small plastic tube threaded through a puncture wound in the groin.  This procedure frequently can replace open brain surgery.
  
• Diagnostic angiography:  Diagnose diseases of blood vessels by injecting x-ray contrast through a small tube and taking pictures.
  
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• Dialysis graft and fistula interventions:  Maintenance procedures for people on renal dialysis.

• Endovascular laser ablation of varicose veins:  Shrinking varicose veins with lasers inside the veins.  Replaces surgical stripping of the veins with less pain and shorter recovery times.  Frequently a better cosmetic appearance can be obtained than with surgery.
• Fibroid Embolization: A procedure to obstruct the blood flow to uterine tumors to shrink them. Avoids the risks of surgery and can frequently spare fertility.
• Fluid Collection and Abscess Drainage: Using CT or ultrasound for guidance, a small tube is placed through the skin to drain abnormal pockets of fluid or infected fluid.
• Foreign body retrieval: Using small snares or baskets, small objects that have been lost in the vascular system or other spaces in the body can be retrieved.
  
  

• Genitourinary and biliary interventions:  Opening blocked bile ducts or urinary tracts.
• Oncology:  Many cancers can be treated with minimally invasive procedures.  Procedures include chemoembolization (placing chemotherapy drugs directly into the tumor), radiofrequency ablation (heating the tumor cells to destroy them), and cryoablation (freezing the tumor cells).
• Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram: Placing a needle through the skin into the bile ducts, injecting contrast and taking pictures. This procedure is often performed in conjunction with placing a drain into the ducts to relieve obstruction.

• Port placement: Placement of subcutaneous ports for long-term use. Used for chemotherapy or other transfusions.
  
  
• Porto-systemic shunts for treatment of portal hypertension:  A treatment for patients with advanced liver disease.
• Thrombolysis:  Dissolving blood clots in the extremities, lungs or even the brain.
• Uterine Fibroid Embolization: Placing small particles in the blood vessels leading to growths in the uterus can frequently spare a woman the need for hysterectomy.

• Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty:  Fixing fractured vertebrae with bone cement.

Vascular Imaging and Interventional Radiology